Analisis Stablecoin: “Kompas” yang menavigasi aliran tunai crypto

Selamat datang ke siri DeFi Legos - satu siri artikel berwawasan yang memberikan anda analisis dan penyelidikan mendalam ke dalam segmen pasaran yang berbeza. Topik hari ini ialah Stablecoin.

Pada masa ini, terdapat pelbagai Stablecoin seperti USDT, USDC, DAI, ESD,... tetapi mekanismenya berbeza sama sekali. Itulah sebabnya dalam artikel ini, saya akan menganalisis secara menyeluruh sektor Stablecoin dan memberi anda beberapa maklumat terperinci tentang:

• Apakah Stablecoin? Apakah peranan Stablecoin dalam pasaran?
• Berapa banyak jenis Stablecoin yang ada? Kekuatan dan kelemahan masing-masing?
• Bagaimanakah Stablecoin mempengaruhi pasaran DeFi?
• Beberapa pandangan menarik tentang Stablecoin.
• Beberapa alat untuk menjejaki indeks Stablecoin.

Memandangkan terdapat banyak cerapan khusus, anda dinasihatkan untuk mengambil perhatian beberapa perkara berguna untuk diri anda sendiri. Lebih-lebih lagi, setiap bahagian dipautkan ke bahagian lain mengikut urutan, jadi jangan langkau mana-mana bahagian. Sekarang mari kita mulakan.

Penafian: Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk menyediakan maklumat yang membina dan pandangan peribadi, bukan nasihat kewangan . Melabur dalam pasaran crypto adalah sangat berisiko, jadi Lakukan Penyelidikan Anda Sendiri sebelum melabur.

Definisi Stablecoin

Perkataan Stablecoin digabungkan dengan "Stable" dan "Coin":

• "Stabil" dalam Aset Stabil: Aset Stabil dianggap sebagai aset yang mempunyai kestabilan yang tinggi bersama-sama dengan turun naik harga yang rendah, berbanding dengan aset lain dalam pasaran. Ia boleh menjadi mata wang Fiat seperti USD, EUR, JPY, atau komoditi seperti Emas, Perak, Minyak,...
• “Syiling” mewakili pasaran mata wang kripto: Aset akan didigitalkan dan ditandakan sebagai syiling.

Secara umumnya, Emas atau perak yang ditokenkan menjadi mata wang kripto boleh dianggap sebagai Stablecoin; Mata wang Fiat juga boleh dianggap sebagai Stablecoin dengan cara yang sama.

Walau bagaimanapun, artikel ini akan menumpukan hanya pada Stablecoin yang paling kerap digunakan dalam kripto - Stablecoin yang mempunyai nilainya dipatok kepada $1. 

Peranan Stablecoin dalam DeFi

Pada masa ini, pasaran mata wang kripto bernilai lebih daripada $2,200B, menunjukkan bahawa aliran tunai yang beredar dalam pasaran adalah sangat besar dan terdapat permintaan yang tinggi untuk berdagang, menyimpan atau melabur dalam aset kripto.

Namun begitu, bukan setiap mata wang Fiat disokong oleh pertukaran kripto. Jika Stablecoin tidak wujud, pengguna terlebih dahulu perlu menukar mata wang Fiat negara mereka kepada USD (memandangkan USD diterima di seluruh dunia sebagai mata wang pembayaran), kemudian terus menukar melalui perantara (seperti bank) dengan kos tinggi, spread tinggi , prosedur rumit,... sebelum memperoleh sebarang token mata wang kripto.

Stablecoin dicipta untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini. Kekuatan Stablecoin boleh dilihat sebagai gabungan 2 faktor:

• Fiat-currency: Jenis aset yang benar-benar stabil yang disokong oleh ekonomi seluruh negara, terutamanya USD.
• Cryptocurrency: Berdasarkan teknologi blockchain, telus, boleh disimpan dan dipindahkan ke seluruh dunia dengan mudah.

Peranan & kelebihan Stablecoin.

Dalam pasaran crypto, Stablecoin mempunyai peranan:

• Aset simpanan semasa pembetulan pasaran.
• Aset yang biasa digunakan menghubungkan pelabur kepada mata wang kripto lain.
• Jambatan antara pasaran crypto dan pasaran tradisional (menggunakan Mata Wang Fiat).

Adalah dipercayai bahawa Stablecoin adalah gabungan sempurna nilai mata wang Fiat dan kemudahan mata wang kripto pada rangkaian blockchain. Stablecoin akan membantu pengguna melabur dengan cara terpantas, mengakses jumlah terbesar aset kripto, dan terutamanya menghapuskan proses perantara yang tidak perlu.

Pelbagai jenis Stablecoin

USDT, USDC dan DAI ialah tiga Stablecoin yang paling popular. Walau bagaimanapun, dunia Stablecoin jauh lebih besar daripada itu, yang boleh dibahagikan kepada 4 jenis utama dengan keupayaan yang berbeza untuk mengoptimumkan modal.

• Stablecoin simpanan penuh (Stablecoin Berpusat).
• Stablecoin lebih cagaran (Stablecoin Terpencar).
• Stablecoin Bukan Rizab (Stablecoin Algoritma).
• Stablecoin rizab separa (Stablecoin simpanan pecahan).

4 jenis utama Stablecoin.

Dalam bahagian ini, saya akan menganalisis mekanisme, kekuatan dan kelemahan setiap satu.

Stablecoin rizab penuh (Stablecoin Berpusat)

Bagaimana Centralized Stablecoin berfungsi.

Stablecoin simpanan penuh ialah Stablecoin yang disokong oleh mata wang Fiat dalam kehidupan sebenar . Kes yang paling terkenal ialah USDT, USDC dan BUSD yang disokong oleh USD, yang bermaksud bahawa untuk setiap 1 USDT yang dicetak pada blockchain, 1 USD dikhaskan dalam kehidupan sebenar.

Ciri-ciri Stablecoin Rizab Penuh:

• 100% disokong oleh USD ⇒ Sangat stabil.
• Dikawal oleh organisasi atau syarikat (Berpusat).
• Yang paling biasa di pasaran.

Stablecoin Rizab Penuh, atau Stablecoin Berpusat, ditadbir oleh organisasi dari segi Jumlah Bekalan dan Bekalan Edaran mereka. Lebih khusus lagi, USDT dikawal oleh Tether , USDC dikawal oleh Circle, dan BUSD dikawal oleh Binance dan Paxos.

• Kekuatan: Kestabilan tinggi (dipancangkan kepada $1), turun naik yang rendah dan digunakan secara meluas.
• Kelemahan: Isu undang-undang dan ketelusan.

Jika anda memberi perhatian kepada berita dengan kerap, anda akan mendapati bahawa Stablecoin Berpusat telah menghadapi FUD mengenai isu undang-undang secara tetap, terutamanya Tether USDT. Sejak 2016, Tether telah disyaki memanipulasi pasaran dengan Bitfinex.

FUD terbesar ialah Tether telah menghasilkan lebih banyak syiling stabil daripada dana simpanan di bank. Jika ini berlaku, peluang untuk Tether memanipulasi pasaran adalah sangat mungkin. Namun begitu, USDT telah bertahan dari 2016 hingga sekarang dan telah mengekalkan produktiviti yang berkesan.

Menambat FUD.

Stablecoin lebih cagaran (Stablecoin Terpencar)

Stablecoin lebih cagaran ialah jenis Stablecoin kedua paling popular, yang dicipta apabila nilai cagaran lebih tinggi daripada nilai Stablecoin yang ditempa. Stablecoin Terlalu Cagaran yang paling menonjol ialah DAI - stablecoin yang dijana oleh MakerDAO, protokol pemberian pinjaman.

Ciri-ciri Stablecoin Terlebih cagaran:

• Dicetak melalui protokol pinjaman.
• Mencetak 1 DAI memerlukan jumlah cagaran yang lebih besar (kecekapan modal yang rendah).
• Sangat stabil jika pasaran tidak jatuh.

Untuk mencetak DAI ke pasaran, pengguna perlu mencagarkan mata wang kripto lain supaya jumlah nilai mereka sekurang-kurangnya 150% berbanding bilangan DAI yang ditempa. Jika harga aset jatuh di bawah ambang yang dibenarkan, aset tersebut akan dibubarkan untuk memastikan nilai DAI yang ditempa.

Ini telah mengekalkan harga DAI stabil dan ditambat kepada 1 USD. Walau bagaimanapun, pendekatan ini mengehadkan skalabiliti token DAI kerana mekanismenya tidak cekap modal (menempa DAI sentiasa memerlukan jumlah nilai cagaran yang lebih besar).

Bagaimana Decentralized Stablecoin berfungsi.

Beberapa Stablecoin Terlebih Cagaran yang terkenal: MakerDAO (MKR & DAI), Venus (XVS & VAI), Party Parrot (PRT & PAI),...

• Kekuatan: Dengan menggunakan mekanisme Terlebih cagaran, harga mereka stabil pada sekitar $1.
• Kelemahan: Walau bagaimanapun, pasaran crypto adalah sangat tidak menentu; sekiranya Flash Dump berlaku, sejumlah besar aset akan dibubarkan serta-merta.

Dan itulah yang berlaku pada 12 Mac 2020. Apabila Flash Dump berlaku, harga ETH dikurangkan separuh dalam masa 2 hari, apatah lagi rangkaian Ethereum sedang sesak. Malangnya, ini mengakibatkan pembubaran aset yang besar.

Dari segi kecekapan modal, Stablecoin Terlebih cagaran tidak boleh menggunakan dana kerana bilangan Stablecoin yang dibenarkan untuk ditempa hanya menyumbang 75% daripada nilai cagaran, atau bahkan 50% jika pengguna ingin mengelakkan Flash Dump seperti yang dinyatakan.

Malah, kebanyakan protokol pemberian pinjaman membenarkan deposit cagaran untuk meminjam Stablecoin lain seperti USDT atau USDC, bukannya mekanisme Over-cagaran seperti DAI. Itulah sebab utama mengapa MakerDAO mendominasi segmen Stablecoin Terlebih cagaran.

Stablecoin Bukan Rizab (Stablecoin Algoritma)

Stablecoin Bukan Rizab, atau Stablecoin Algoritma, ialah Stablecoin yang ditempa tanpa sebarang rizab bersandar . Protokol menggunakan algoritma untuk sentiasa melaraskan Bekalan Beredar Stablecoin untuk mengekalkan harganya pada $1.

Ciri-ciri Stablecoin Algoritma:

• Tiada aset cagaran diperlukan (Kecekapan modal tinggi).
• Biasanya memerlukan 2-3 token sampingan untuk menyesuaikan harga.
• Tidak berkesan (Tidak dapat menambat harga kepada $1).

Stablecoin Algoritma termasuk 2 jenis utama: Model Rebase dan Model Seigniorage.

1. Model Rebase

Stablecoin yang mengikuti Model Rebase hanya menggunakan 1 token, yang menggunakan algoritma untuk mengubah suai Bekalan Beredar token dan mempengaruhi harga. Projek yang paling menonjol menggunakan model ini ialah AmpleForth (AMPL).

Setiap 24 jam, bekalan AMPL akan ditukar bergantung pada harga AMPL:

• Jika AMPL > $1, tingkatkan bekalan AMPL.
• Jika AMPL < $1,="" menurun=""> bekalan AMPL.
• Jika AMPL = $1, kekal sebagai bekalan AMPL.

Proses Rebase secara langsung mempengaruhi bilangan token yang dimiliki oleh pengguna. Akibatnya, keseimbangan penawaran-permintaan dikekalkan untuk meletakkan harga AMPL kembali ke tambatannya.

Beberapa Stablecoin Algoritma yang terkenal berikutan Model Rebase: AmpleForth (AMPL), Protokol BASE (BASE), Yam Finance (YAM),...

2. Model Seigniorage

Stablecoin yang mengikuti Model Seigniorage menggunakan 2-3 token sampingan dalam proses mengendalikan dan mengekalkan harga token. Secara amnya, satu token ialah Stablecoin, dan satu lagi adalah token yang menggunakan beberapa mekanisme seperti Burn-Mint, Stake-Earn,... supaya dapat meningkatkan/mengurangkan bekalan/permintaan Stablecoin dan mengekalkannya pada nilai yang ditambat.

Beberapa Stablecoin Algoritma yang terkenal mengikut Model Seigniorage:

• 2 model token: Protokol Fei (FEI & TRIBE), Dolar Set Kosong (ESD & DSU), Terra UST (LUNA & UST),...
• Model 3 token: Tunai Asas (BAS, BAC & BAB), Tunai Mithril (MIS, MIC & MIB), Dolar Asas, UCASH, Bekalan Dinamik, BCash.fi,...

Kekuatan: Tiada modal atau cagaran diperlukan. 

Kelemahan: Secara teorinya, Algoritma Stablecoin boleh menyelesaikan had Stablecoin Rizab Penuh dan Stablecoin Terlebih cagaran. Realitinya, Algorithmic Stablecoin ialah jenis yang paling tidak cekap dan tidak produktif kerana harganya tidak dapat dikekalkan pada $1 disebabkan tekanan jualan yang sangat tinggi.

Ini adalah kes kerana projek Algoritma Stablecoin biasanya mengambil mudah dari awal bahawa mereka mempunyai komuniti yang kuat dan kukuh untuk menyokong mereka dalam mengekalkan harga token. Mereka bergantung pada kepercayaan bahawa Program Insentif boleh menarik sejumlah besar penyokong untuk projek itu.

Malah, Program Insentif (Pertanian) tidak cukup meyakinkan untuk menggalakkan pengguna mengikuti projek dalam jangka panjang. Pengguna hanya menumpukan pada pertanian dengan APR yang tinggi dan kemudian menjual ganjaran yang diperolehi ⇒ mewujudkan tekanan jual > permintaan beli ⇒ gagal menambat harga.

Selain itu, Algoritma Stablecoin tidak digunakan secara meluas dalam pasaran. Kecuali Protokol Fei dan Terra USD - dua projek Algoritma Stablecoin yang paling berfungsi pada masa ini, tiada projek lain dalam sektor ini yang menonjol.

Stablecoin rizab separa (Stablecoin rizab pecahan)

Stablecoin Rizab Separa, atau Stablecoin Rizab Pecahan, ialah gabungan Stablecoin Rizab Penuh dan Stablecoin Algoritma . Contoh pertama dan paling luar biasa ialah Frax Finance.

Ciri-ciri Stablecoin Rizab Separa:

• Hanya sejumlah kecil cagaran diperlukan (purata kecekapan modal).
• Kawalan harga yang lebih baik daripada Stablecoin Algoritma tetapi lebih tidak menentu daripada Stablecoin Bersandarkan Penuh. 
• Tidak cekap kerana tiada aplikasi.

Untuk menghasilkan 1 FRAX (Stablecoin Rizab Separa), pengguna perlu memiliki beberapa Stablecoin (kini USDT dan USDC) untuk mensubsidi harga 1 FRAX. Nisbah boleh diselaraskan mengikut Frax Finance, dengan kadar cagaran berkisar antara 50% hingga 100%. 

model FRAX.

Beberapa Stablecoin Rizab Separa yang terkenal: Kewangan Frax (FXS & FRAX),...

Kekuatan: Kecekapan modal purata, gabungan Stablecoin Rizab Penuh (diperlukan cagaran) dan Stablecoin Bukan rizab (berasaskan algoritma).

Kelemahan: Frax Finance pada masa ini merupakan satu-satunya projek yang menggunakan pendekatan ini, menunjukkan bahawa tidak ramai pembangun yang berminat dalam segmen ini. Data masa nyata juga menunjukkan bahawa Cap Pasaran FRAX adalah sangat kecil, dan FXS tidak mempunyai banyak aplikasi dalam DeFi atau CeFi.

Ciri-ciri Stablecoin yang berjaya

Selepas melalui kekuatan dan kelemahan setiap jenis Stablecoin, kami kini akan melihat faktor-faktor yang mencipta Stablecoin yang berjaya dan berkesan. Selepas itu, anda akan dapat menggambarkan kerja dan proses pengembangan dalam pasaran crypto.

Untuk Stablecoin berfungsi dengan cekap dalam pasaran, mereka perlu mempunyai susunan penuh 4 faktor, termasuk:

• Ketelusan.
• Penstabilan.
• Kebolehskalaan.
• Kebolehgunaan.

4 elemen yang menjadikan Stablecoin berjaya.

Ketelusan

Transparency can be regarded as the basic foundation of a valuable Stablecoin. Who are the backers of that Stablecoin? If a Stablecoin is backed by enormous and reputable backers, it will be a trustworthy one for both retail users and whales to use for trading and storing. For instance:

• USDT is backed by Tether and Bitfinex.
• USDC is backed by Circle and Coinbase.
• BUSD is backed by Binance.
• DAI is backed by MakerDAO, a top #2 lending protocol.
• UST is backed by Terra Foundation and LUNA.

The transparency of a Stablecoin can be evaluated through the users’ access to tracking tools, or in other words, whether users can track the token’s Total Supply and transactions on the blockchain. However, in the case of Centralized Stablecoins like USDT or USDC, their transparencies are still questionable as it is not certain if the amount of USD locked inside the Vault of Tether or Circle is relative to the minted Stablecoins.

Stabilization

The next element to consider is Stabilization, which is also an indispensable feature of a Stablecoin. Back to the original purpose, Stablecoin was created as a tool to avoid all the volatility in the crypto market. 

Therefore, if a Stablecoin cannot sustain its peg steadily, that Stablecoin cannot be used as a storing asset. In the illustration below, the two Stablecoins DAI (MakerDAO) and USDP (Unit Protocol) will be compared.

While the DAI price was able to remain stable around $1, the value of USDP usually dropped to $0.95, losing 5% compared to 1 DAI.

Compare USDP with DAI.

If Transparency and Stabilization are the requirements for a Stablecoin to work productively, then Applicability and Scalability are the two factors that help a Stablecoin expand extensively in the market.

Extra analysis: The paradox of Stabilization 

Most Stablecoins peg their prices to USD, a Fiat-currency being backed by the whole United States economy. As a result, they are considered more stable than other highly inflationary currencies and highly volatile assets on the stock or cryptocurrency market.

But are Stablecoins really “Stable” if they are USD-pegged?

According to the statistics provided by HowMuch, from 1913 to 2019, the intrinsic value of the Dollar currency has been reduced by 90%.

Which means that, if in 1913 $100 could buy 10 kg of rice, in 2019 100$ could only buy less than 1 kg of rice. This happened due to the US abandoning the Gold and Oil standards, allowing FED to freely print money without any physical assets backing its value. This event created huge inflation in USD.

So was the recent price surge of Bitcoin a result of the pump scheme or of the declining USD value?

USD value reduces over time

Scalability 

Scalability can be considered the Network Effect of a Stablecoin. When a Stablecoin expands its operating range, a corresponding amount of influence also increases.

On CeFi platforms, especially Centralized Exchanges, USDT is a gigantic force as it is used as the primary trading asset on some biggest exchanges at the moment, such as Binance, Huobi, FTX, OKEx, KuCoin,...

On DeFi platforms, USDC is having the greatest impact because it is the most common asset when it comes to creating Liquidity Pools. Even though USDC was released 3 three years after USDT, it has quickly issued its stablecoins on multiple developing DeFi ecosystems like Ethereum, BSC, Polygon, Fantom, Solana,...

Besides USDT and USDC, BUSD is another rapidly growing Stablecoin thanks to Binance as it is not only used as a trading asset on Binance Exchange, but also implemented in DeFi protocols on Binance Smart Chain.

Applicability

Given that a Stablecoin is widely expanded, at the same time exerting a considerable influence on the crypto market. The next step for it is to improve the Applicability.

For example: 

• USDT is mainly applied to OTC (Over The Counter) markets as USDT possesses high liquidity with low slippage.
• Stablecoins like USDT or USDC are broadly accepted by DeFi Protocols, allowing them to be used for Swapping, Lending, and Farming easily.

Applicability needs to be developed alongside Scalability after Transparency and Stabilization are solidly built.

Most prominent Stablecoins in the market

We have gone through some basic attributes that make a successful Stablecoin. However, the Stablecoin segment is extremely competitive with a high domination ratio.

Top 10 Stablecoins in the market account for 96% of the Stablecoin Market Cap. Why are the highest-ranked Stablecoins so dominant? In this part, we will seek the answers by analyzing the Case Studies of 5 Stablecoins with the largest Market Cap, including:

• Tether (USDT): Represents Centralized Stablecoins in CeFi.
• USD Coin (USDC): Represents Centralized Stablecoins in DeFi.
• Binance USD (BUSD): Represents Centralized Stablecoins in both CeFi and DeFi.
• Dai (DAI): Represents Over-collateral Stablecoins in DeFi.
• TerraUSD (UST): Represents Full-reserve Stablecoins using the algorithmic mechanism together with LUNA.

Top 15 Stablecoins at the moment. Updated: 7 October, 2021.

Tether - USDT 

• Market Cap: $68B (#1).
• Number of chains deployed (including Wrapped assets): 17.

Tether (USDT) is acknowledged as the earliest Stablecoin in the crypto market. Up to this moment, Tether is the Stablecoin with the largest Market Cap, and having the greatest influence on the market.

Tether has the advantage of implementing an early advent, hence being able to build an incredibly strong Network Effect. Especially, all of the biggest exchanges like Binance, FTX, Huobi are using USDT as the main trading pair for other Altcoins.

Some exchanges have tried to be independent of USDT by issuing their own Stablecoins: BUSD from Binance, HUSD from Huobi. Nonetheless, USDT remains to be the most widespread among every CeFi exchange.

Not to mention on OTC markets, USDT is currently the main gateway for worldwide users to swap from Fiat-currencies to cryptocurrencies. In spite of the fact that OTC markets are still allowing the exchange of other cryptocurrencies like BTC, ETH,... USDT is still dominating the market with high liquidity, low slippage and the ability to be directly traded to other Altcoins across different exchanges.

USD Coin - USDC

• Market Cap: $32B (#2).
• Number of chains deployed (including Wrapped assets): 12.

Although USDC was founded after USDT, it possesses the advantage of being more friendly to the law system by receiving support from enormous backers, especially Coinbase. Moreover, big exchanges like Binance, KuCoin, and Huobi also use USDC.

Nevertheless, the reason behind USDC’s success is the approach to the DeFi Market. Instead of issuing a large number of Stablecoins on the Tron network like USDT, USDC quickly issued its Stablecoins on other developing DeFi ecosystems, namely Ethereum, BSC, Polygon, Solana, and Fantom.

By seizing the chance faster, Circle did not have to wait for long to take over the DeFi market and attract more users to utilize USDC in the DeFi space.

Binance USD - BUSD 

• Market Cap: $13B (#3).
• Number of chains deployed (including Wrapped assets): 3+.

Binance USD is the product made by the cooperation between Binance and Paxos (the managing company of PAX Stablecoin, recently changed its ticker to USDP). Despite the fact that BUSD was released after USDC, USDT and DAI, BUSD has the fastest growth. 

Thanks to Binance, BUSD has been broadly applied in Binance Exchange since the beginning of 2020 by being paired with myriads of other tokens, at the same time providing free transaction cost to the paired assets. 

When Binance Smart Chain exploded as a phenomenon in March 2021, Binance increased the issuing rate of BUSD on Binance Smart Chain and made it a pairing asset for liquidity pools just like USDT and USDC, which resulted in the tremendous growth of BUSD recently.

Though BUSD is applied in both DeFi and CeFi, its Scalability outside the Binance ecosystem is strictly limited. This situation is pretty understandable because no competitor wants Binance to dominate the market.

Dai - DAI

• Market Cap: $6.5B (#4).
• Number of chains deployed (including Wrapped assets): 7+.

DAI is an Over-collateral Stablecoin created by the lending protocol MakerDAO. At the moment, MakerDAO is the top 4 lending project in crypto with over $12.7B TVL (Total Value Locked). The Market Cap of DAI is around $6.5B, showing that the Collateral ratio is currently around 49%.

Not only does MakerDAO allow common assets to be used as collateral, but it also supports the collateralizing of LP tokens from Uniswap, helping MakerDAO attract many more users through its diversity. 

The advantage of MakerDAO was being founded really early, forming a substantial Network Effect. In terms of coverage across different DeFi ecosystems, DAI is even more popular than BUSD, and only behind USDT and USDC.

Terra USD - UST

• Market Cap: $2.6B (#5).
• Number of chains deployed (including Wrapped assets): 3+.

Terra USD is a very special Stablecoin as it is the combination of a Full-reserve Stablecoin and an Algorithmic Stablecoin. To maintain the peg price at around 1 USD, Terra USD is backed by LUNA (Full-reserve) and has its price adjusted by an algorithmic mechanism (transfer the price volatility to LUNA).

The success of UST comes from 2 factors:

The first is an effective work model. This was proved through the market collapse on May 19, 2021, which made LUNA price fall from $16 to $4.

If the same thing happened to ETH, MakerDAO and DAI would definitely be considerably affected as ETH was the biggest collateral asset, therefore activating a Domino chain of constant liquidations. However, after that event, UST still stood steadily thanks to the anti-price manipulation mechanism, and then quickly returned to its peg.

The second is the support from the Terra ecosystem (#3 DeFi ecosystem in terms of TVL). UST seems to be the one and only Stablecoin of the ecosystem. As a result, all protocols inside Terra try to capture the value for UST. The most prominent protocol among them is Anchor, a lending platform that allows UST saving with up to 20% APR.

Data analysis of Stablecoin

I hope that with the analysis above, you have visualized the work model of Stablecoins in the market. How can they succeed, and how can they take over the market? In this part, I will dive deeper into the influence of Stablecoins on the crypto market through data analysis.

The Market Cap of Stablecoins

Stablecoins' Market Cap over time.

Market Cap ranking: USDT (#1), USDC (#2), BUSD (#3), DAI (#4), UST (#5), TUSD (#6).

According to the data above, the Market Cap of USDT is overwhelming at $68B, two times higher than that of USDC, even though no other Stablecoins in the market can surpass USDC.

The chart above also shows the two main periods of the crypto market:

Accumulating period (2018 - mid 2020)

In this period, Stablecoins grew slowly but steadily. This matched the market condition at that time when most crypto participants were retail investors, and the DeFi market didn’t receive much attention. 

Furthermore, the Market Cap of the whole crypto market was really small, so every action from Tether brought about a huge influence. Every time Tether announced to “issue” more Stablecoins, the price of BTC pumped along.

Booming period (mid 2020 - now)

Forward to the second period, the market received more attention from whale investors and hedge funds, attracting a massive cash flow into the crypto market. The DeFi market gradually became more complete and appealing to the builders and investors.

Since September 2020 to now, the DeFi TVL has increased from $1B to more than $191B. The tremendous growth of DeFi has created a high demand for Stablecoin.

The Market Cap of USDT compared to other Stablecoins.

Although Tether's Market Cap is still overwhelming compared to other Stablecoins, USDC is also worth noting. If you take a close look at mid 2020, you will notice that the Market Cap of USDC rose incredibly fast, and it was at the same time when DeFi started its tremendous growth. That is the reason why when it comes to the DeFi market, I usually prioritize tracking USDC activities over others. 

⇒ USDT and USDC are the two key Stablecoins in the market, so we should follow their activities closely because Stablecoins can be regarded as the cash flow supporting the market growth.

The correlation between the Market Cap of Cryptocurrency, Stablecoin and DeFi

In the second period, the short-term price pumps of Bitcoin have been separated from Tether’s announcements on issuing Stablecoins. Nonetheless, Stablecoins will still be exerting an enormous influence on the market in the long term, as Stablecoins are the gateway for users to get access to the market and the inside assets.

More specific details can be illustrated in the pictures below. The growth of the market has brought along the demand for Stablecoins, and when Stablecoins were minted to satisfy the market’s demand, DeFi was the most rapidly growing sector.

The correlation between the Market Cap of Cryptocurrency, Stablecoin and DeFi.

But if you take a look at the time around May 2021, when the growth of Stablecoins slowed down, the crypto market in general and the DeFi market in particular collapsed shortly after (on May 19, 2021).

However, the Market Cap of the Stablecoin sector did not decline but actually slightly increased, showing that Tether and Circle (2 big companies in the field) did not burn Stablecoins out of the market. This indicates that the number of investors going into the market was still higher than the number of investors going out.

Consequently, in late July 2021, the crypto market witnessed a strong recovery thanks to the afore-minted Stablecoins in the market.

⇒ In the long term, the growth of Stablecoins is the key to speculate the growth of the whole crypto market. If you are following the DeFi market, don’t miss out on any moves from USDC as it is currently the fastest growing Stablecoin in DeFi.

Stablecoin Dominance

Stablecoin Dominance is the measure of Stablecoin’s Market Cap relative to the Market Cap of the rest of the coins. Here is an example of the USDT Dominance index (USDT.D) from Tradingview.

Although there are still a variety of Stablecoins in the market, the Market Cap of USDT takes up more than 50% of the market, and it has been acknowledged as the representative index of the whole Stablecoin segment, so we will analyze the movement of USDT.D.

How USDT Dominance is related to the market condition.

• USDT.D increases ⇒ investors are selling Altcoins for USDT ⇒ investors hold more USDT. A typical example is the market collapse on May 19, 2021 when USDT.D rose dramatically.
• On the contrary, USDT.D decreases ⇒ investors are using USDT to buy Altcoins ⇒ the market is in the Altcoin Season. The two most recent Altcoin seasons are from September 2020 to March 2021, and from August 2021 to now.

⇒ We can rely on the USDT.D index to define the market trend, therefore understanding the right time to invest, and the right time to take profit.

Stablecoins in DeFi ecosystems

As analyzed above, Stablecoins play an important role in being the gateway for the cash flow from the Fiat-currency market to the cryptocurrency market.

If you are aware of how the cash flow in the crypto market transfers between different layers, then Stablecoins play the same role of allowing investors to transfer their funds from the crypto market (macro) to blockchain ecosystems (micro).

In this part, I will analyze 3 Case Studies of 3 blockchain ecosystems. Namely Terra, Solana and Avalanche, so you can understand the role of Stablecoins in the growth of DeFi ecosystems.

The Market Cap and TVL of Terra (left) and Solana (right).

Case Study 1: How did Terra USD foreshadow the growth of the Terra ecosystem?

Recently, we have witnessed the substantial growth of the Terra ecosystem with its TVL surpassing $6B, becoming the third largest ecosystem in the market behind Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain in terms of TVL.

The increase in TVL has produced a positive effect on the LUNA price, increasing the price of LUNA 700% since the market crash in May 2021. The question is, how could the TVL in Terra increase so rapidly?

The main catalyst is the Market Cap growth of Terra UST - the one and only Stablecoin in Terra. If you notice the chart above more carefully, you can see that when the DeFi TVL in the ecosystem rose, the UST Market Cap had seen an explosive growth 2 months before that, exceeding TrueUSD (TUSD) and Paxos (PAX) - two prominent Stablecoins in the market.

Case Study 2: USDC & Solana - the cooperation that grew Solana tremendously

Since February 2021, when the crypto market was not yet active, Circle and Solana Foundation had already started to issue more USDC into the Solana ecosystem to develop DeFi. Afterwards, in May 2021, the DeFi sector on Solana began to attract more users and reached $1.5B TVL. 

During that period, the price of SOL (Solana native token) rose from $10 (February 2021) to $50 (May 2021). Even though a market crash happened shortly after, the number of Stablecoins on Solana continued to rise. In fact, the pace of issuing Stablecoins on Solana at that time was even faster than when the market was extremely active. 

And the result is crystal clear: Since July 2021 to now, the cash flow into the Solana ecosystem has not stopped, helping the DeFi TVL to reach $3B. Every token in the Solana ecosystem has been growing tremendously (SOL, SRM, RAY, MNGO, SBR, ORCA,...) especially SOL has recovered from $25 to $170 at the time of this writing.

Case Study 3: Avalanche got in the sight of Tether 

Tether has been deployed on multiple chains. Although the Market Cap of Tether on Tron and Ethereum accounts for the most, Tether has not issued any additional USDT on Tron, Omni, EOS, Algorand,... since earlier this year. Instead, Tether has now focused on Ethereum, Solana and Avalanche.

This resulted from the fact that they were the three immensely developed DeFi ecosystems. To compete with USDC, Tether quickly supported  USDT on Avalanche to help the growth of the Avalanche ecosystem, therefore assisting tokens on Avalanche (AVAX, PNG, SNOB, XAVA) in recovering after the market collapse. 

Aside from the Market Cap and Dominance index, the pace of growth is also an imperative index to track. For instance, even though the number of USDT on Solana is still incredibly small, at the same time, it is increasing at the most rapid pace compared to other ecosystems. Will that case happen again, but this time with Avalanche?

The number of USDT on different blockchains.

In conclusion, the investment opportunities do not come from Stablecoins, but from the movement of the market and of different blockchain ecosystems. Stablecoins help you to navigate that movement.

Note:

However, this case is only applicable to ecosystems with small TVL like Solana, Polygon, Terra, Avalanche, Fantom,... because when the ecosystem’s TVL is still insubstantial, the influence of issuing Stablecoins will be more immense, hence creating a motivation for the ecosystem to thrive.

To comprehensively developed ecosystems such as Ethereum and Binance Smart Chain, issuing Stablecoins does not matter that much as the number of Stablecoins being issued is too insignificant compared to the DeFi TVL of that ecosystem.

To speculate the cash flow efficiently, you have to:

• Analyze the macro cash flow: Different blockchain ecosystems.
• Analyze the micro cash flow: Different layers, different categories inside each DeFi ecosystem.
• Create a Watchlist filtered by categories.

Some useful tools to track Stablecoin indexes:

• Coinmarketcap: Check the Market Cap here.
• TheBlock: Follow the Supply of Stablecoins on different blockchains here.
• CryptoQuant: Follow Stablecoin Exchange Flows here.

Stablecoin reserve on exchanges

Stablecoin reserve on exchanges.

Similar to the index of BTC Inflow & Outflow, the Stablecoin Exchanges Inflow & Outflow index allows investors to track the buy demand of the market. There are 2 circumstances:

• The Stablecoin reserve on CEXs increases ⇒ investors deposit funds into exchanges to buy Stablecoins ⇒ indicate a high buy demand.
• The Stablecoin reserve on CEXs decreases ⇒ investors withdraw funds out of exchanges to take profit ⇒ indicate a low buy demand.

In the long term, this index is correct to some extent. Before Bitcoin reached ATH (All-time high) in March 2021, the Stablecoin Reserve index had increased dramatically in November 2020 (5 months before). Before Bitcoin recovered in August 2021, the Stablecoin Inflow index had also risen significantly in June 2021.

However, the crypto market moves really quickly but this index does not show responsive signs in the short term (about 1 month). That is why this index should only be regarded as an additional tool to gather more information rather than a primary one, compared to the aforementioned methods.

How have Stablecoins evolved?

After going through some prominent Stablecoins, how they work and how they influence the crypto market, we will now look at the evolution of Stablecoins, hence defining the period we are at and predicting future Stablecoin movements. 

The evolution of Stablecoin.

First period (2014 - 2017): Pioneers in the Stablecoin sector

At an early stage of the first period, Stablecoins had the sole purpose of tokenizing all popular Fiat Currencies across the globe. Stablecoins were used mainly to resolve the problem of transactions’ cost and speed of the traditional financial system. 

The most prominent of all was Bitshares, a platform founded by Charles Hoskinson (Ethereum's Co-founder and Cardano’s Founder). Bitshares tokenized a wide range of currencies, including CNY (BitCNY), Euro (BitEUR), USD (BitUSD), Gold (BitGOLD),...

Nevertheless, in order to create Fiat-backed cryptocurrencies, users had to collateralize BitShares with a larger amount. As BitShares were highly volatile, the value of Stablecoins such as BitUSD, BitEUR,... was not stable. Not to mention that with low liquidity, BitShares could be easily manipulated by speculators.

Compare Bit USD with DAI.

Fast forward to the end of the first period which is about 2017. The crypto market started to be recognized, and other Stablecoins like DAI and USDT started to appear. DAI was created and sustained up to this moment due to the incredibly high demand for lending & borrowing in the market. The stability of DAI was also better.

Meanwhile, USDT was backed by a gigantic force - Bitfinex. Bitfinex used to be the largest exchange in 2017, until Binance attracted more retail investors to its platform though most whales still stayed in Bitfinex. The substantial influence of Bitfinex at that time was the main catalyst that kept USDT stable around its peg and stood still till now.

Second period (2018): The boom of Stablecoins

The first period was the prerequisite for the second period, which was the most booming period of Stablecoins. The market witnessed the advent of various Stablecoin platforms as this was also the time when the crypto market became “Mainstream” in 2017, after Bitcoin reached an ATH of $20,000.

The demand to invest in Bitcoin as well as the demand for Stablecoins increased. To compete with USDT being backed by Bitfinex, a variety of exchanges issued their own Stablecoins (Gemini issued GUSD), whereas payment platforms also did the same thing (Paysend).

Stablecoins became a “trend” for whales to increase their influences on the crypto market that was already small. If you take a closer look at the illustration above, you can see that in 2018, more than 57 Stablecoin platforms appeared, ranging from Full-reserve Stablecoins to Over-collateral Stablecoins and Algorithmic Stablecoins.

This was also the time when Stablecoins that later became dominant made their debuts, namely Circle (USDC), Paxos (PAX), TrueUSD (TUSD),... they are the three major competitors of Tether (USDT).

Third period (2019-2021): Selection and elimination

From my perspective, the Stablecoin sector is currently in this period. After the booming phase in 2018-2019, myriads of Stablecoin projects appeared, at the same time a large number of projects showed their weaknesses. 

Which is the main reason why in the third period, the market will begin the selection and elimination process, especially the recession of Algorithmic Stablecoin projects as they are not working efficiently (cannot maintain the peg price).

You can visualize the situation more clearly through the picture below along with the market’s real-time data. Over 200 Stablecoin projects have been developed, but the number of active and productive projects is only around 10 (USDT, USDC, BUSD,...). More and more Stablecoin projects are gradually fading into oblivion. 

The number of active Stablecoins, in development, and closed.

Fourth period (2021+): Expand

The most important keyword to define the third and the fourth period is the Network Effect. As mentioned earlier, the Stablecoin segment is exceptionally competitive. 

Among over 200 projects, only nearly 10 of them have an influence on the market. This forces Stablecoin platforms to constantly develop and expand so as to account for as much of the market as possible, including both DeFi and CeFi.

Except for USDT dominating the market for so long, USDC is a noteworthy Stablecoin in the fourth period. Officially launched in 2018 (3 years after Tether), USDC quickly deployed its Stablecoin on 10+ blockchains and focused mainly on the DeFi market, which was growing tremendously at that time. This approach made USDC more well-known than USDT in the DeFi market.

At the moment, BUSD is still following the Network Effect improvement scheme. Binance has been listing more BUSD trading pairs, issuing more BUSD to be used in the Binance Smart Chain ecosystem, with a vision of replacing USDT and USDC.

In the future, UST will definitely increase its Network Effect by accessing the Binance Smart Chain ecosystem and the Solana ecosystem - the two ecosystems possessing the largest cash flow behind Ethereum.

Anticipate the future of Stablecoin 

Stablecoin weaknesses

We have gone through the approach and evolution of Stablecoins. So how can they be improved in the future to get rid of the current weaknesses? The answer to this question can be found in this part.

If you notice, Stablecoins are having 2 major issues without a solution which are Transparency and Applicability:

• Transparency: Centralized Stablecoins often receive FUDs about legal issues, especially Tether USDT. Since 2016 to now, Tether has been frequently suspected of manipulating the market together with Bitfinex as the market has had the tendency to go upward whenever Tether issued its Stablecoins, and the market would start a correction whenever Tether stopped.
• Applicability: Stablecoins such as USDT and USDC are broadly applied in the crypto market while that is not the case in the traditional market as they are not widely used as a payment method.

How Tether printing USDT affected the market.

Developing Stablecoins 

Major companies are trying to create a Stablecoin that can solve both of the above problems, which can look like:

• Legally compatible with every country.
• Stable peg price, fast and transparent transactions with the blockchain technology.
• The ability to expand from Traditional Finance to Cryptocurrency Finance.
• Widely applied as a payment method in real life just like in DeFi.

Some potential Stablecoins in development.

4 Stablecoins that are currently developing to satisfy the above requirements are:

1. Telegram TON

Pavel Durov - the founder of Telegram has been trying to issue a Stablecoin with high stability and high liquidity. However, he gave up the project after being pressured by SEC on the legal aspect.

2. Libra

During the past time, Facebook has been trying to create Libra and make it a global currency. Libra will be backed 50% by USD, 18% by EUR, 14% by JPY, 11% by GBP and 7% by SGD. However, it didn’t take long for Libra to fail as the Congress of the United States realized the threat of a private company competing with a public bank. 

However, their ambition seems to remain enormous because after the failure of Libra, Facebook created Diem - Libra 2.0. At the moment, they have been able to cooperate with a variety of partners in the finance department in order to start expanding and integrating with social media applications like Facebook, Whatsapp,...

3. LPM Coin

JP Morgan - one of the biggest banks in the world, plans on creating JPM Coin, a Stablecoin that can replace the obsolete payment system Swift. Nonetheless, they have not made any further announcement. If JP Morgan successfully introduces their product, other major banks like HSBC, Citibank, Wells Fargo will also participate in the play.

4. CBDC 

The last Stablecoin, at the same time the most realistic one is CBDC. CBDC is short for Central Bank Digital Currency. Currently, many Western banks and China banks have been experimenting with the CBDC model and tried to apply it to their work models.

The difference between Traditional Banknote and CBDC.

Although there are still some limitations such that it is not yet possible to be applied worldwide, CBDC can be considered a Stablecoin comprehending all the benefits that the blockchain technology brings, namely transparency, tracing ability to prevent money laundering, low transaction cost, high speed.

There is no doubt that CBDC will be applied in the future by not only commercial banks but also public banks. Moreover, the Covid 19 event taking place all around the world has shown how important CBDC can be to the global economy in the future.

When everyone has difficulties in commuting and using cash, CBDC becomes an optimal solution for the financial market to operate smoothly.

Covid-19 motivates the growth of Digital Banking.

Investment opportunities with Stablecoins

In terms of investment opportunities with Stablecoins, I can distribute into 2 types:

• Using the Stablecoin indexes to find investment opportunities.
• Directly speculating using Stablecoins.

Now let’s go through each type of investment.

Discover investment opportunities through Stablecoin indexes

As mentioned above, Stablecoin is not the sector to invest in. The best way to make a profit from Stablecoin is to observe its movement and make decisions based on the cash flow.

Anytime Stablecoins are issued in an ecosystem, the cash flow immediately has the tendency to get into that ecosystem: 

• Terra USD grew ⇒ LUNA, MIR, ANC grew.
• Tether and Circle issued their Stablecoins on Solana ⇒ SOL, SRM, RAY, MNGO, SBR grew.
• Tether issued Stablecoin on Avalanche ⇒ AVAX, XAVA, PNG, JOE,... grew.

So in order to not miss any market trend, you have to observe and track them before they “take off”. Here are some useful questions that can help you find your own insights:

• Which blockchain ecosystem has the most Stablecoins?
• Which blockchain ecosystem are StableCoins being issued on?
• How can Stablecoin’s pace of growth be compared between different ecosystems?
• Which ecosystem is expanding the DeFi space (as expanding DeFi requires more Stablecoins)?

Most recently, multiple ecosystems have announced their DeFi incentive programs, including:

• Celo with $100M.
• Terra with 50M $LUNA.
• Avalanche with $180M.
• Algorand with 150M $ALGO.
• Harmony with $300M.
• Fantom with 370M $FTM.
• …

Incentive programs in different blockchains.

It is worth following the Stablecoin movement in these ecosystems and see if they are issuing any new Stablecoin or cooperating with any 3rd-party to do so.

Directly investing using Stablecoins

Nevertheless, if you own a large amount of capital and want to earn with zero risk in this market, using Stablecoins can still be the way to go.

Although the Yield is not as high as using Altcoins, using Stablecoins allows you to be flexible regardless of the market condition. Here are some advisable methods:

1. Lending (4 - 8% APR)

You can deposit Stablecoins on CEXs or lending platforms to receive savings. The advantage of using Lending is its simple interactions, transparent interest, and optional deposit period.

Here are some platforms that you can use Stablecoins to earn savings:

CEX: Binance, Huobi, Gate, MXC, OKEx,...

Centralized Lending: NEXO, BlockFi,...

Decentralized Lending: 

• Ethereum: Aave, Compound, MakerDAO, InstaDapp,...
• Binance Smart Chain: Venus, Alpaca Finance, Rabbit Finance,...
• Solana: Port Finance, Solend.
• Terra: Anchor Protocol.

However, the disadvantage of using Lending protocols is that the interest rate is pretty low, ranging from 4-8%/year. If you want to receive higher yields, take a look at Farming.

2. Farming (20 - 40% APR)

Farming is the approach to provide liquidity for decentralized exchanges to receive platform fees and the native token of the platform. To follow this way, you have to know some basic actions in DeFi, like providing liquidity.

The advantage of Farming is a higher yield with up to 20-40% per year, which is a really high interest rate. In Viet Nam, if you deposit USD, you won’t even receive interest. Whereas if you deposit VND, you will earn a 7% interest rate but the annual inflation rate is even higher than USD.

DeFi is really a gateway bringing a vast amount of opportunities to earn yields, and you can totally use Stablecoins to make a profit before actually investing in the market. Here are some Stablecoin AMM platforms that you can use for Farming:

• Ethereum: Curve Finance, mStable, Snowswap.
• Binance Smart Chain: Ellipsis, Belt Finance, MDEX.
• Solana: Saber.

Farming Stablecoins.

However, Farming on decentralized protocols has some particular risks, especially in the case of the protocol being hacked, which is why you should distribute your Stablecoin into smaller parts and use them on prestigious and high TVL platforms.

Conclusion

Here are some insights that you can use to find investment opportunities with Stablecoins:

• The Stablecoin sector does not possess many investment opportunities, but can be used as a tool to navigate the market trend.
• Observing and following the Market Cap of Stablecoins from the market outlook (macro) to each ecosystem (micro) can help you discover your own investment opportunities.
• Carefully notice the movement of 4 following Stablecoins: USDT, USDC, BUSD, and UST. Here are the 4 most used Stablecoins in both DeFi and CeFi.
• Pay attention to where those Stablecoins are being issued, and in which ecosystem the Stablecoin’s growth pace is the fastest. Answer to yourself why?
• You should spend your Stablecoins on Farming or Lending. This earns you a passive income, at the same time reduces your “tendency” to FOMO when the market grows tremendously. Most importantly, it can help you to be flexible in any market conditions.

Saya harap ia telah membantu anda dalam mendapatkan cerapan yang lebih berharga tentang sektor ini, dan bagaimana anda boleh membuat keuntungan dengan menggunakan Stablecoins.

Jika anda ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang topik ini, sila tinggalkan komen di bawah dan sertai Komuniti Coin98 untuk perbincangan lanjut!